• \
    Start Submission Become a Reviewer

    Reading: Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of anthropogenic and bi...

    Download

     A- A+
    Alt. Display

    Original Research Papers

    Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources

    Authors:

    G. Kouvarakis,

    Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, GR
    X close

    H. Bardouki,

    Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, GR
    X close

    N. Mihalopoulos

    Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, GR
    X close

    Abstract

    To access the relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sulfur sources to the sulfur budget in the Eastern Mediterranean, an area characterized by very high nss-SO2-4 levels, measurements of both wet and dry deposition of sulfur were performed at a remote area on the island of Crete (Finokalia) during a 3-yr period (1996–1999). The estimation of dry deposition is based on both gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate phase non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO2-4) and methane sulfonate (MSA) measurements. During the dry period, deposition of SO2 from long-range transport is the main component of anthropogenic sulfur deposition in the area. The results of the wet and dry deposition obtained at Finokalia have been compared with DMS emission from seawater obtained during two yearly surveys (1997–1998) in the Cretan Sea. Our results indicate that the contribution from biogenic sources to the sulfur budget in the Eastern Mediterranean, although negligible during winter, can account for up to 26% during summer.

    How to Cite: Kouvarakis, G., Bardouki, H. and Mihalopoulos, N., 2002. Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 54(3), pp.201–212. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v54i3.16661
      Published on 01 Jan 2002
    Peer Reviewed
     CC BY 4.0
     Accepted on 27 Dec 2001            Submitted on 9 Jul 2001

    References

    1. Al-Momani I. F. , Tuncel , S. , Eler , U. , Ortel , E. , Sirin , G. and Tuncel , G . 1995 . Major ion composition of wet and dry deposition in the eastern Mediterranean basin, Sci. Total Environ . 164 , 75 – 85 .  

    2. Al-Momani I. F. , Aygun , S. and Tuncel , G . 1998 . Wet deposition of major ions and trace elements in the eastern Mediterranean basin, J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 8287 – 8299 .  

    3. Andreae , M. O. 1986 . The ocean as a source of atmo-spheric sulfur compounds, In: The role of air—sea exchange in geochemical cycling (ed. P. Buat-Menard), Reidel, Dordrecht, 331 - 362 .  

    4. Andreae , M . 0. 1990 . Ocean—atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Marine Chem . 30 , 1 – 29 .  

    5. Ayers G. P. , Ivey , J. P. and Goodman , H. S . 1986 . Sulfate and methanesulfonate in the maritime aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania, J. Atmos. Chem . 4 , 173 – 185 .  

    6. Avila , A . 1996 . Time trends in the precipitation chemistry at a mountain site in Northeastern Spain for the period 1983-1994, Atmos. Environ . 30 , 1363 – 1373 .  

    7. Bardouki , H . 2000 . Spatial and seasonal variability of DMS (X) species in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , Master Thesis, Univeristy of Crete , Greece .  

    8. Bates T. S. , Calhoun , J. A. and Quinn , P. K . 1992 . Variations in the methanesulfonate to sulfate molar ratio in submicrometer marine aerosol particles over the South Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 9859 – 9865 .  

    9. Bates T. S. , Karustin , V. N. , Quinn , P. K. , Covert , D. S. , Coffman , D. J. , Mari , C. , Durkee , P. A. , De Bruyn , W. J. and Saltzman , E. S . 1998 . Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characteriza-tion Experiment (ACE 1). J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 16,369 - 16,383 .  

    10. Belviso , S. , Kim , S. K. , Rassoulzadegan , F. , Krajka , B. , Nguyen , B. C. , Mihalopoulos , N. and Buat-Menard , P . 1990 . Production of dimethylsulfonium propionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) by a microbial food web, Limnol. Oceanogr . 35 , 1810 – 1821 .  

    11. Bergametti , G. , Dutot , A. L. , Buat-Menard , P. , Losno , R. and Remoundaki , E . 1989 . Seasonal variability of the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol particles over the northwestern Mediterranean atmo-sphere. Tellus 41B , 353 – 361 .  

    12. Charlson , R. J. and Rodhe , H . 1982 . Factors controlling the acidity of natural rainwater. Nature 295 , 683 - 685 .  

    13. Charlson , R. J. , Langner , J. , Rodhe , H. , Leovy , C. B. and Warren , S. G. 1991 . Perturbation of the northern hemi-sphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols . Tellus 43AB , 152 - 163 .  

    14. Galloway , J. N. , Likens , G. E. , Keene , W. C. and Miller , J. M . 1982 . The composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world. J. Geophys. Res . 87 , 8771 – 8786 .  

    15. Ganor , E. , Levin , Z. and Pardess , D . 1993 . Determining the acidity and chemical composition of fog, haze and cloud droplets in Isracl, Atmos. Environ . 27 , 1821 – 1832 .  

    16. Ganor , E. , Foner , H. A. , Bingemer , H. G. , Udisti , R. and Setter , I . 2000 . Biogenic sulphate generation in the Mediterranean Sea and its contribution to the sulphate anomaly in the aerosol over Israel and the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Environ . 34 , 3453 – 3462 .  

    17. Groene , T . 1995 . Biogenic production and consumption of Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl sulfonio-propionate (DMSP) in the amrine epipelagic zone: a review. J. Marine Systems 6 , 191 – 209 .  

    18. Gullu , G. , Olmez , I. , Aygun , S. and Tuncel , G. 1998 . Atmospheric element concentrations over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: factors affecting temporal variabil-ity. J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 21,943 - 21,954 .  

    19. Herut , B. , Starinsky , A. , Katz , A. and Rosenfeld , D . 2000 . Relationship between the acidity and chemical com-position of rainwater and climatological conditions along a transition zone between large deserts and Mediterranean climate, Israel. Atmos. Environ . 34 , 1281 – 1292 .  

    20. Hicks , B. B. and Liss , P. S . 1976 . Transfer of SO2 and other reactive gases across the air-sea interface. Tellus 28 , 348 – 354 .  

    21. Kouvarakis , G. , Tsigaridis , K. , Kanakidou , M. and Mih-alopoulos , N . 2000 . Temporal variations of surface regional background ozone over Crete Island in sou-theast Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res . 105 , 4399 – 4407 .  

    22. Kouvarakis , G. , Doukelis , Y. , Mihalopoulos , N. , Rapso-manikis , S. Sciare , J. and Blumthaler , M. 2001 . Chem-ical, physical and optical characterization of aerosol during PAUR II experiment. J. Geophys. Res ., in press .  

    23. Lawrence , J. E. and Koutrakis , P . 1994 . Measurement of atmospheric formic and acetic acids: methods evalu-ation and results from field studies. Environ. Sci. Tech-nol . 28 , 957 – 964 .  

    24. Liss , P. S. and Slater , P. G . 1974 . Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature 247 181 – 184 .  

    25. Liss , P. S. and Merlivat , L . 1986 . The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling ( ed. P. Buat-Ménard), Reidel , Dordrecht , 113 – 127 .  

    26. Liss , P. S. , Hatton , A. , Malin , G. , Nightingale , P. and Turner , S . 1997 . Marine sulphur emissions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 352 , 159 – 169 .  

    27. Leck , C. and Rodhe , H . 1991 . Emissions of marine bio-genic sulfur to the atmosphere of Northern Europe. J. Atmos. Chem . 12 , 63 – 86 .  

    28. Luria , M. , Peleg , M. , Shari' , G ., Simantov-Alper , D. , Spitz , N. , Ben Ami , Y. , Gawii , Z. , Lifschitz , B. , Yitzchaki , A. and Seter , I. 1996 . Atmospheric sulfur over the eastern Mediterranean region. J. Geophys. Res . 101 , 25,917 - 25,930 .  

    29. Mihalopoulos , N. , Putaud , J. P. and Nguyen , B. C . 1993 . Seasonal variation of methanesulfonic acid in precip-itation at Amsterdam island in the southern Indian Ocean. Atmos. Environ , 27 , 2069 – 2073 .  

    30. Mihalopoulos , N. , Stephanou , E. , Kanakidou , M. , Pilitsidis , S. and Bousquet , P . 1997 . Tropospheric aero-sol ionic composition above the Eastern Mediterran-ean Area. Tellus 49B , 314 – 326 .  

    31. Pio , C. A. , Cerqueira , M. A. , Castro , L. M. and Salgueiro , M. L . 1996 . Sulphur and nitrogen compounds in vari-able marine/continental air masses at the southwest European coast. Atmos. Environ . 30 , 3115 – 3127 .  

    32. Pio , C. A. , Salgueiro , M. L. and Nunes , T. V . 1991 . Seasonal and air-mass trajectory effects on rainwater quality at the south-western European border. Atmos. Environ . 25 , 2259 – 2266 .  

    33. Rapsomanikis , S . 1994 . Uncertainties in flux estimations of biogenic greenhouse gases from the world's oceans. Second International Conference on Air-Sea Inter-action and on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, 22-27 September, American Meteoro-logical Society, Lisbon, Portugal, 18 - 19 .  

    34. Rendell , A. R. , Ottley , C. J. , Jickells , T. D. and Harrison , R. M . 1993 . The atmospheric input of nitrogen species to the North Sea. Tellus 45B , 53 – 63 .  

    35. Rodhe , H . 1999 . Human impact on the atmospheric sulfur balance. Tellus 51A-B, 110 - 122 .  

    36. Sciare , J. , Mihalopoulos , N. and Nguyen , B. C . 1999 . Summertime seawater concentrations of dimethylsul-fide in the western Indian ocean: reconciliation of fluxes and spatial variability with long-term atmo-spheric observations. J. Atmos Chem . 32 , 357 - 373 .  

    37. Seinfeld , J. and Pandis , S. 1998 . Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate changes, Wiley, London .  

    38. Sievering , H. , Boatman , J. , Luria , M. and Van Valin , C. C . 1989 . Sulfur dry deposition over the western North Atlantic: the role of coarse aerosol particles. Tellus 41B , 338 – 343 .  

    39. Simo , R. , Grimalt J. O. and Albaiges , J. 1997 . Dissolved dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl sulphoniopropionate and dimethyl sulphoxide in western Mediterranean waters. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 44 , 929 - 950 .  

    40. Turner , S. M. , MalM , G. , Nightingale , P. D. and Lis , P. S. 1996 . Seasonal variation of dimethyl sulphide in the North sea and an assessment of fluxes to the atrmosphere, Mar. Chem . 54 , 245 - 262 .  

    Jump to Discussions Related content
    comments powered by Disqus