• \
    Start Submission Become a Reviewer

    Reading: Study of CO surface pollution in Europe based on observations and nested-grid applications o...

    Download

     A- A+
    Alt. Display

    Original Research Papers

    Study of CO surface pollution in Europe based on observations and nested-grid applications of GEOS-CHEM global chemical transport model

    Authors:

    Anna P. Protonotariou,

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Division of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Build. Phys. V, University Campus, GR
    X close

    Maria Tombrou,

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Division of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Build. Phys. V, University Campus, GR
    X close

    Christos Giannakopoulos ,

    Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, GR
    X close

    Effie Kostopoulou,

    Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, GR
    X close

    Philippe Le Sager

    Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, NL
    X close

    Abstract

    Carbon monoxide (CO) is studied over Europe for 2001 using measurements from 31 rural-background stations and the nested-grid application of the global CTM GEOS-CHEM. The model reveals lowest (highest) biases in warm (cold) periods, tracking observations in most cases more closely than the global model. The role of CO production and destruction processes and the atmospheric conditions are investigated. A rotated Principal Component Analysis is applied to all stations, based on daily CO modelled concentrations in 2001, yielding three principal components (PCs) with stations of common characteristics. CO concentrations are studied for these groups in relation to the circulation patterns prevailing over Europe in 2001, at mean sea level and 850 hPa. The nested-grid model improves results in comparison to those calculated by the global model by up to ∼22% for first principal component subregion, where emissions are high and elevation is low. Improvement reaches∼17 and∼7%, respectively, for second and third principal component subregions, where emissions are lower and altitudes are higher. Better performance is achieved for patterns associated with westerly flow, whereas poor skills are revealed during stagnant conditions. During pollution events, the nesting model’s ability in capturing CO surface concentrations improves by up to ∼40% in comparison to the global simulation.

    How to Cite: Protonotariou, A.P., Tombrou, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Kostopoulou, E. and Sager, P.L., 2010. Study of CO surface pollution in Europe based on observations and nested-grid applications of GEOS-CHEM global chemical transport model. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 62(4), pp.209–227. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00462.x
    1
    Views
      Published on 01 Jan 2010
    Peer Reviewed
     CC BY 4.0
     Accepted on 17 May 2010            Submitted on 29 Jul 2009

    References

    1. Allen , D. J. , Rood , R. B. , Thompson , A. M. and Hudson , R. D . 1996a . Three dimensional radon222 calculations using assimilated data and a convective mixing algorithm. J. Geophys. Res . 101 ( D3 ), 6871 - 6881 .  

    2. Allen , D. , Kasibhatla , P. , Thompson , A. , Rood , R. , Doddridge , B. and co-authors . 1996b . Transport-induced interannual variability of carbon monoxide determined using a chemistry and transport model. J. Geophys. Res . 101 ( D22 ), 28655 – 28669 .  

    3. Auvray , M. and Bey , I . 2005 . Long-range transport to Europe: Sea-sonal variations and implications for the European ozone budget . J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D11303 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JDO05503 .  

    4. Benlcovitz , C. M. , Scholtz , M. T , Pacyna , J. , Tarrason , L. , Dignon , J. and co-authors. 1996. Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. J. Geophys. Res . 101,29239-29253.  

    5. Bergamaschi , P. , Frankenberg , C. , Meirinlc , J. F. , Krol , M. , Dentener , F. and co-authors. 2007. Satellite chartography of atmospheric methane from SCIAMACHY on board ENVISAT: 2. Evaluation based on inverse model simulations. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D02304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007268 .  

    6. Berkvens , P. J. F. , Botchev , M. A. , Lioen , W. and Verwer , J. G . 1999. A zooming technique for wind transport of air pollution, Finite Volumes for Complex Applications II—Problems and Perspectives, Duisburg, Germany. pp. 499-506. Hermes. ISBN 2-7462-0057-0.  

    7. Bey , I. , Jacob , D. J. , Yantosca , R. M. , Logan , J. A. , Field , B. and co-authors. 2001. Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with as-similated meteorology: model description and evaluation. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 23073-23095, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000807 .  

    8. Chen , D. , Wang , Y. , McElroy , M. B. , He , K. , Yantosca , R. M. and co-authors. 2009. Regional CO pollution and export in China simulated by the high-resolution nested-grid GEOS-Chem model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 3825 – 3839.  

    9. Crutzen , P. J. and Zimmermann , P. H . 1991. The changing photochem-istry of the troposphere. Tellus 43AB, 136 – 151.  

    10. Daniel , J. S. and Solomon , S . 1998 . On the climate forcing of carbon monoxide . J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 13249 – 13260 .  

    11. Derwent , R. G. , Simmonds , P. G. , Seuring , S. and Dimmer , C . 1998 . Observation and interpretation of the seasonal cycles in the surface concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide at Mace Head, Ireland from 1990 to 1994 . Atmos. Environ . 32 ( 2 ), B145 – 157 .  

    12. Duncan , B. N. , Martin , R. V. , Staudt , A. C. , Yevich , R. M. and Logan , J. A . 2003 . Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by remote-sensed observations . J. Geophys. Res . 108 ( D2 ), 4040 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002378 .  

    13. Duncan , B. N. and Bey , I . 2004 . A modelling study of the ex-port pathways of pollution from Europe: seasonal and inter-annual variations (1987-1997) . J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D08301 , https://doi.org/10.29/2003JDO04079 .  

    14. Duncan , B. N. , Logan , J. A. , Bey , I. , Megretskaia , I. A , Yantosca , R. M. and co-authors. 2007. The global budget of CO, 1988-1997: source estimates and validation with a global model. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D22301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008459 .  

    15. Emeis , S. and Schafer , K . 2006 . Remote sensing methods to investigate boundary-layer structures relevant to air pollution in cities . Boundary Layer MeteoroL 121 , 377 – 385 .  

    16. Fiore , A. M. , Horowitz , L. W. , Purves , D. W. , Levy ft , H. , Evans , M. J. and co-authors. 2005. Evaluating the contribution of changes in isoprene emissions to surface ozone trends over the eastern United States. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D12303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005485.  

    17. Heald , C. L. , Jacob , D. J. , Fiore , A. M. , Emmons , L. K. , Gille , J. C. and co-authors. 2003. Asian outflow and transpacific transport of carbon monoxide and ozone pollution: an integrated satellite, aircraft and model perspective. J. Geophys. Res . 108 ( D24 ), 4804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003507 .  

    18. Holtslag , A. and Boville , B . 1993. Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Climate 6 , 1825 – 1842. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. The Scien-tific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds J. T. Houghton , Y. Ding , D. J. Griggs , M. Noguer , P. J. van der Linden and D. Xiaosu ). Cambridge University Press, UK, 944 .  

    19. Jacob , D. J . 1999. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-00185-5.  

    20. Jacob , D. J. , Field , B. D. , Jin , E. , Bey , I. , Li , Q. and co-authors. 2002. Atmospheric budget of acetone. J. Geophys. Res . 107 , D10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000694 .  

    21. Jaeglé , L. , Jaffe , D. , Price , H. U. , Weiss , P. , Palmer , P. I. and co-authors. 2003. Sources and budgets for CO and ozone in the northeastern Pacific during the spring of 2001: results from the PHOBEA -II ex-periment. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 8803, https://doi.org/10.1020/2002JD003121 . Jolliffe, IT. 1993. Principal component analysis: a beginner's guide-II. Pitfalls, myths and extensions. Weather 48, 246 – 253.  

    22. Kallos , G. , Astitha , M. , Katsafados , P. and Spyrou , C. 2007. Long-range transport of anthropogenically and naturally produced particu-late matter in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic: current state of knowledge. J. AppL Met. Clim. 46(8), 1230 – 1251.  

    23. Kaminski , J. W. , Neary , L. , Struzewska , J. , McConnell , J. C. , Lupu , A. and co-authors. 2008. GEM-AQ, an on-line global multiscale chemical weather modelling system: model description and evalu-ation of gas phase chemistry processes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 3255 – 3281.  

    24. Kanalcidou , M. , Dentener , F. J. , Brasseur , G. R , Berntsen , T. K. , Collins , W. J. and co-authors. 1999.3D global simulations of tropospheric CO distributions: results of the GIM/IGAC intercomparison 1997 exercise. Chemosphere Global Change Sci. 1, 263— 282.  

    25. Kanalcidou , M. and Crutzen , P. J . 1999 . The photochemical source of carbon monoxide: importance, uncertainties and feedbacks . Chemosphere-Global Change Sci . 1 , 91 – 109 .  

    26. Kostopoulou , E . 2003 . The Relationships Between Atmospheric Circula-tion Patterns and Surface Climatic Elements in the Eastern Mediter-ranean . Ph.D. thesis, University of East Anglia , Norwich .  

    27. Kostopoulou , E. and Jones , P. D . 2007 . Comprehensive analysis of the climate variability in the eastern Mediterranean Part I: map-pattern classification . Int. J. Climatol . 27 , 1189 – 1214 .  

    28. Krol , M. , Houweling , S. , Bregman , B. , Van Den Broek , M. , Segers , A. and co-authors. 2005. The two-way nested global chemistry-transport zoom model TM5: algorithm and applications. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 417 – 432.  

    29. Lelieveld , J. , Berresheim , H. , Bormann , S. , Crutzen , P. J. , Dentener , F. J. and co-authors. 2002a. Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean. Science 298, 794 – 799.  

    30. Lelieveld , J. , Peters , W. , Dentener , F. J. and Krol , M. C . 2002b . Stability of tropospheric hydroxyl chemistry . J. Geophys. Res . 107 ( D23 ), 4715 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002272 .  

    31. Lelieveld , J. , Dentener , F. J. , Peters , W. and Krol , M. C . 2004 . On the role of hydroxyl radicals in the self-cleansing capacity of the troposphere . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 2337 – 2344 .  

    32. Li , Q. , Jacob , D. , Park , R. , Wang , Y. , Heald , C. and co-authors. 2005. North American pollution outflow and the trapping of convectively lifted pollution by upper-level anticyclone. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D10301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JDO05039 .  

    33. Lin , S. J. and Rood , R. B . 1996 . Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes . Mon. Wea. Rev . 124 , 2046 – 2070 .  

    34. Lin , J.-T. , McElroy , M. B. and Boersma , K. E 2010 . Constraint of anthropogenic NO emissions in China from different sectors: a new methodology using multiple satellite retrievals . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 10 , 63 – 78 .  

    35. Lin , J.-T. and McElroy , M. B . 2010 . Impacts of boundary layer mix-ing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: implica-tions to satellite remote sensing . Atmos. Environ . 44 , 1726 – 1739 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.009 .  

    36. Liu , J. , Drummond , J. R. , Jones , D. B. A. , Cao , Z. , Bremer , H. and co-authors. 2006. J. Geophys. Res . 111 , D2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JDO06076 .  

    37. Logan J. A. , Prather , M. J. , Wofsy , S. C. and McElroy , M. B . 1981 . Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspective . J. Geophys. Res . 86 , 7210 – 7254 .  

    38. Martin , R. V. , Jacob , D. J. , Yantosca , R. M. , Chin , M. and Ginoux , P . 2003 . Global and regional decreases in tropospheric oxidants from photochemical effects of aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 4097 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002622 .  

    39. McLinden , C. A. , Olsen , S. , Hannegan , B. , Wild , O. , Prather , M. J. and co-authors. 2000. Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: a simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux. J. Geophys. Res . 105 ( D11 ), 14653 – 14665.  

    40. Min , J. Y. , Paek , D. , Cho S. I. and Min K. B . 2009 . Exposure to environ-mental carbon monoxide may have a greater negative effect on cardiac autonomic function in people with metabolic syndrome . Sci. Total En-viron . 407 ( 17 ), 4807 – 4811 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.028 .  

    41. Novelli , P. , Steele , L. and Tans , P . 1992 . Mixing ratios of carbon monoxide in the troposphere . J. Geophys. Res . 97 ( D18 ), 20731 – 20750 .  

    42. Novelli , P. C. , Masarie , K. A. and Lang , P. M . 1998a . Distributions and recent changes of carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere . J. Geophys. Res . 103 ( D15 ), 19015 – 19034 , https://doi.org/10.1029/98JDO1366 .  

    43. Novelli , P. C. , Connors , V. S. , Reichle , H. G. , Anderson , B. E. , Brenninlcmeijer , C. A. M. and co-authors. 1998b. An internally consis-tent set of globally distributed atmospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratios developed using results from an intercomparison of measure-ments. J. Geophys. Res . 103 ( D15 ), 19285 – 19294.  

    44. Park , R. J. , Jacob , D. J. , Chin , M. and Martin , R. V . 2003 . Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implica-tions for natural visibility . J. Geophys. Res . 108 ( D12 ), 4355 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003190 .  

    45. Park , R. J. , Jacob , D. J. , Field , B. D. , Yantosca , R. M. and Chin M . 2004 . Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols in the United States: implications for policy . J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D15204 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004473 .  

    46. Park , R. , Jacob , D. , Kumar , N. and Yantosca , R . 2006 . Regional visibil-ity statistics in the United States: natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule . Atmos. En-viron . 40 ( 28 ), 5405 – 5423 .  

    47. Parrish , D. D. , Trainer , M. , Buhr , M. P. , Watkins , B. A. and Fehsenfeld , E C . 1991 . Carbon monoxide concentrations and their relation to concentrations of total reactive oxidized nitrogen at two rural U.S . sites. J. Geophys. Res . 96 ( D5 ), 9309 – 9320 .  

    48. Parrish , D. D. , Holloway , J. S. and Fehsenfeld , F. C . 1994 . Routine, continuous measurement of carbon monoxide with parts per billion precision . Environ. Sci. TecnoL 28 , 1615 – 1618 .  

    49. Pfister , G. , Petron , G. , Emmons , L. K. , Gille , J. C. , Edwards , D. P. and co-authors. 2004. Evaluation of CO simulations and the anal-ysis of the CO budget for Europe. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D19304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004691 .  

    50. Piccot , S. , Watson , J. and Jones , J . 1992 . A global inventory of volatile or-ganic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources . J. Geophys. Res . 97 ( D9 ), 9897 – 9912 .  

    51. Price , C. and Rind , D . 1992 . A Simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions . J. Geophys. Res . 97 ( D9 ), 9919 – 9933 , https://doi.org/10.1029/92J1)00719 .  

    52. Raub , J. A. , Mathieu-Nolf , M. , Hampson , N. B. and Thom , S. R . 2000. Carbon monoxide poisoning — a public health perspective. Toxicology 145(1), 1-14, ISSN 0300-483X, https://doi.org/10.1016/50300-483X(99)00217-6 .  

    53. Raub , J. A . 1999. Health effects of exposure to ambient carbon monox-ide. Chemosphere — Global Change Science 1(1-3), 331-351, ISSN 1465-9972, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00005-7 .  

    54. Ravishanlcara , A. R. , Dunlea , E. J. , Blitz , M. A. , Dillon , T. J. , Heard , D. E. and co-authors. 2002. Redetermination of the rate coefficient for the reaction of 0(1D) with N2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(15), 1745, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014850 .  

    55. Salisbury , G. , Williams , J. , Holzinger , R. , Lange , L. , Xu , X. and co-authors. 2003. Ground-based PTR-MS measurements of reactive or-ganic compounds during the MINOS campaign in Crete, July-August 2001. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 925 – 940.  

    56. Seinfeld , J. H. and Pandis , S. N . 2006 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change , 2nd Edition . J. Wiley , New York .  

    57. Tombrou , M. , Bossioli , E. , Protonotariou , A. P. , Flocas , H. , Gian-nakopoulos , C. , and Dandou , A . 2009. Coupling GEOS-CHEM with A Regional Air Pollution Model for Greece. Atmos. Environ. 43(31), 4793-4804, ISSN 1352-2310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.003 .  

    58. van Elzaldcer , B. G . 2001 . Monitoring activities in the Dutch National Air Quality Monitoring Network in 2000 and 2001 . RIVM Report 723101 055, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment RIVM , Bilthoven , The Netherlands .  

    59. Wang , Y. , Jacob , D. J. and Logan , J. A . 1998 . Global simulation of tropospheric 03-N0x-hydrocarbon chemistry 1. Model formulation . J. Geophys. Res . 103 ( D9 ), 10713 – 10726 , https://doi.org/10.1029/98JDO0158 .  

    60. Wang , Y. X. , McElroy , M. B. , Jacob D. J. and Yantosca , R. M . 2004a . A nested-grid formulation for chemical transport over Asia: applications to CO . J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D22307 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JDO05237.  

    61. Wang , Y. X. , McElroy , M. B. , Wang T. and Palmer , P. I. 2004b. Asian emissions of CO and NOx : constraints from aircraft and Chinese sta-tion data. J. Geophys. Res . 109 D24304 , doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JDO05250 .  

    62. Wang , H. , Jacob , D. J. , Le Sager , P. , Streets , D. G. , Park , R. J. and co-authors. 2009a . Surface ozone background in the United States: Canadian and Mexican pollution influences. Atmos. Environ . 43 ( 6 ), 1310 - 1319 , ISSN 1352-2310 , doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.036 .  

    63. Wang , Y. , Hao , J. , McElroy , M. B. , Munger , J. W. , Ma , H. and co-authors . 2009b . Ozone air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: effectiveness of emission restrictions . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 9 , 5237 – 525.  

    64. Wilks , D. S. 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences: An Introduction . Academic Press, San Diego, California , 467 pp.  

    65. Yevich , R. and Logan , J. A . 2003 . An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world, Global Bio-geochem . Cycles 17 ( 4 ), 1095 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001952 .  

    Jump to Discussions Related content
    comments powered by Disqus